Firmware fault reference

• ARM Cortex-M HardFault: how to diagnose and fix it — What a HardFault on ARM Cortex-M means, how to read CFSR/HFSR, and the fastest path from a HardFault_Handler to the root cause.
• ESP32 Guru Meditation Error (StoreProhibited): what it means — Decode the ESP32 / ESP32-S3 "Guru Meditation Error: StoreProhibited" panic — EXCCAUSE 29, EXCVADDR, and the usual NULL/freed-pointer cause.
• Decoding the CFSR register on ARM Cortex-M — A practical, bit-by-bit guide to the Configurable Fault Status Register (CFSR) — MemManage, BusFault and UsageFault bits and what each one means.
• Imprecise data bus fault (IMPRECISERR) on Cortex-M — Why an imprecise BusFault is hard to debug, why the stacked PC lies, and how to turn it into a precise fault you can locate.

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